Supervised synthesis

Human Evidence Reviews

Start with the study design, population, outcomes, limitations, and open questions—not a verdict. Every factual sentence is pinned to an explicitly reviewed source snapshot.

Reviewed collection

Explore 13 source-pinned reviews

Showing all 13 reviews

Early human research

BPC-157

Check partially unavailable
3 reviewed sources3 study sectionsv1 current review
Reviewed through
August 18, 2026
Last integrity check
August 19, 2026
Latest notice date
None registered

This source set contains a two-person uncontrolled safety pilot, a narrative review dominated by preclinical research, and a recruiting Phase 2 protocol with no posted results. It does not establish human efficacy.

Conditions
Safety observations · Acute hamstring strain
Population
Healthy adults · Adults with acute injury
Design
Uncontrolled study · Trial protocol · Narrative review
Phase
Phase 2 · Not applicable

Metabolic health

Cagrilintide

No update registered
1 reviewed source1 study sectionv1 current review
Reviewed through
August 19, 2026
Last integrity check
August 19, 2026
Latest notice date
None registered

The reviewed Phase 2 trial reported greater mean weight reduction with cagrilintide than placebo across the tested groups. A single 26-week dose-finding trial does not establish long-term outcomes or uncommon harms.

Conditions
Obesity · Overweight
Population
Adults
Design
Randomized controlled trial
Phase
Phase 2

Diabetes and cardiovascular health

Exenatide

No update registered
2 reviewed sources2 study sectionsv1 current review
Reviewed through
August 19, 2026
Last integrity check
August 19, 2026
Latest notice date
None registered

The short monotherapy trial reported improved glycated hemoglobin and weight measures. The larger outcomes trial established cardiovascular noninferiority but did not meet its superiority criterion for major cardiovascular events.

Conditions
Type 2 diabetes · Cardiovascular outcomes
Population
Adults
Design
Randomized controlled trial
Phase
Outcomes trial · Not stated

Reproductive health and oncology

Leuprolide

No update registered
2 reviewed sources2 study sectionsv1 current review
Reviewed through
August 19, 2026
Last integrity check
August 19, 2026
Latest notice date
None registered

In the reviewed pelvic-pain trial, both treatment groups improved without a significant between-group difference. In the prostate-cancer trial, the oral comparator produced more sustained testosterone suppression than leuprolide; that biochemical endpoint does not establish a difference in cancer survival.

Conditions
Endometriosis-associated pelvic pain · Advanced prostate cancer
Population
Women · Men
Design
Randomized controlled trial
Phase
Phase 3 · Not stated

Metabolic and cardiovascular health

Liraglutide

No update registered
2 reviewed sources2 study sectionsv1 current review
Reviewed through
August 19, 2026
Last integrity check
August 19, 2026
Latest notice date
None registered

The reviewed weight-management trial reported greater mean weight reduction than placebo, and the reviewed cardiovascular trial reported fewer primary cardiovascular events in a high-risk type 2 diabetes population. The findings remain specific to the studied populations and trial conditions.

Conditions
Obesity · Overweight · Type 2 diabetes · Cardiovascular outcomes
Population
Adults
Design
Randomized controlled trial
Phase
Outcomes trial · Not stated

Endocrinology

Octreotide

1 publisher notice
2 reviewed sources2 study sectionsv1 current review
Reviewed through
August 19, 2026
Last integrity check
August 19, 2026
Latest notice date
March 1, 2022

The short trial reported reduced growth-hormone and insulin-like growth factor I levels with octreotide. In the selected-responder Phase 3 trial, oral octreotide met the prespecified noninferiority criterion against injectable therapy for maintaining biochemical response.

Conditions
Acromegaly
Population
Adults
Design
Randomized controlled trial · Open-label trial
Phase
Phase 3 · Not stated

Metabolic health

Retatrutide

No update registered
2 reviewed sources2 study sectionsv1 current review
Reviewed through
August 18, 2026
Last integrity check
August 19, 2026
Latest notice date
None registered

Both reviewed Phase 2 trials reported reductions in body weight, and the type 2 diabetes trial also reported lower glycated hemoglobin. These mid-stage studies do not resolve long-term outcomes or broader population effects.

Conditions
Obesity · Overweight · Type 2 diabetes
Population
Adults
Design
Randomized controlled trial
Phase
Phase 2

Metabolic and cardiovascular health

Semaglutide

No update registered
2 reviewed sources2 study sectionsv1 current review
Reviewed through
August 18, 2026
Last integrity check
August 19, 2026
Latest notice date
None registered

In the reviewed trials, semaglutide was associated with greater weight reduction than placebo in adults without diabetes, and fewer major cardiovascular events in adults with established cardiovascular disease and overweight or obesity without diabetes. The findings apply to those studied populations and trial conditions.

Conditions
Obesity · Overweight · Cardiovascular outcomes
Population
Adults
Design
Randomized controlled trial
Phase
Outcomes trial · Not stated

Rare genetic obesity

Setmelanotide

1 publisher notice
2 reviewed sources2 study sectionsv1 current review
Reviewed through
August 19, 2026
Last integrity check
August 19, 2026
Latest notice date
February 1, 2023

The reviewed studies reported substantial weight reductions in some participants with specific genetic diagnoses. The cohorts were very small, and the Bardet-Biedl and Alström trial reported inconclusive results for the Alström subgroup.

Conditions
POMC deficiency · LEPR deficiency · Bardet-Biedl syndrome · Alström syndrome
Population
Children and adults
Design
Single-arm trial · Randomized controlled trial · Open-label trial
Phase
Phase 3

Metabolic and liver health

Survodutide

1 publisher notice
2 reviewed sources2 study sectionsv1 current review
Reviewed through
August 19, 2026
Last integrity check
August 19, 2026
Latest notice date
February 1, 2026

The reviewed obesity trial reported greater weight reduction than placebo, and the reviewed liver-disease trial reported more participants with improvement in steatohepatitis without worsening fibrosis. Both are mid-stage studies with substantial remaining uncertainty.

Conditions
Obesity · Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis
Population
Adults
Design
Randomized controlled trial
Phase
Phase 2

Bone health

Teriparatide

No update registered
2 reviewed sources2 study sectionsv1 current review
Reviewed through
August 19, 2026
Last integrity check
August 19, 2026
Latest notice date
None registered

Both reviewed trials reported fewer new vertebral fractures with teriparatide than with the comparator. The active-comparator trial did not find a statistically significant difference for its nonvertebral fragility-fracture endpoint.

Conditions
Postmenopausal osteoporosis · Vertebral fractures
Population
Postmenopausal women
Design
Randomized controlled trial
Phase
Not stated

HIV-associated metabolic health

Tesamorelin

No update registered
2 reviewed sources2 study sectionsv1 current review
Reviewed through
August 19, 2026
Last integrity check
August 19, 2026
Latest notice date
None registered

The reviewed trials reported reductions in visceral adipose tissue, and the smaller trial also reported a modest reduction in liver fat. These studies do not establish long-term clinical outcomes or effects outside the studied HIV populations.

Conditions
HIV-associated abdominal fat accumulation · Liver fat
Population
Adults living with HIV
Design
Randomized controlled trial
Phase
Not stated

Metabolic health

Tirzepatide

1 publisher notice
2 reviewed sources2 study sectionsv1 current review
Reviewed through
August 19, 2026
Last integrity check
August 19, 2026
Latest notice date
July 17, 2021

The reviewed obesity trial reported greater weight reduction with tirzepatide than placebo, and the reviewed type 2 diabetes trial reported lower glycated hemoglobin and body weight than placebo. These trials do not answer every population, long-term outcome, or post-discontinuation question.

Conditions
Obesity · Type 2 diabetes
Population
Adults
Design
Randomized controlled trial
Phase
Phase 3