Diabetes · Phase 3
Nasal glucagon: caregiver use outside the clinic
What was tested?
A single-group study of nasal glucagon administered by trained caregivers during moderate or severe hypoglycemic episodes in adults with type 1 diabetes. ↗
Registered primary question: The proportion of participants awakening or returning to their normal status within 30 minutes, assessed by their caregivers. ↗
What the reviewed report found
Journal year 2018 · Article summary reviewed 2026-09-15
Caregivers reported resolution within 30 minutes in 95.7% of patients. All 12 severe episodes resolved within 15 minutes.↗
Keep in context: This uncontrolled study uses both patient-level and event-level outcomes. The efficacy analysis excluded events requiring other treatment before a response; its response percentage is not an all-treated success rate. ↗↗
What a closer reading adds
Selected full-text sections checked 2026-09-20. These notes add context to the earlier article summary; they are not a complete risk-of-bias assessment.
Repeated events are not additional people
Of 129 enrolled participants, 87 received treatment, 74 entered the main safety analysis and 69 entered the efficacy analysis. The latter contributed 157 evaluable events, including repeated events in the same people. Full text ↗ · Indexed abstract ↗
Sections: MATERIALS AND METHODS; RESULTS.
Keep the outcome denominator visible
The report describes recovery within 30 minutes in 151 of 157 evaluable events. At the patient level, 66 of 69 recovered in at least one evaluable event and 64 of 69 in every evaluable event. Events needing additional treatment before response were excluded from this analysis. Full text ↗ · Indexed abstract ↗
Sections: MATERIALS AND METHODS; Efficacy results.
Participants, design, limitations and sources
Registry snapshot
- Registry enrollment
- 129 · reported actual
- Registry status
- Completed
- Allocation and masking
- Na · Open label
- Design
- Single group
- Eligible ages
- 18 Years to 75 Years
- Registry results
- Posted in this snapshot
Registry source ↗ · Updated 2019-10-15; retrieved 2026-09-20. Registry enrollment is not necessarily the analyzed sample in a publication. Posted registry results and published article results are separate.
Nasal glucagon during spontaneous episodes
- Design in the report
- Prospective open-label real-world study with trained caregivers and no randomized comparator.↗
- Participants in the report
- 69 adults experienced 157 evaluable moderate or severe hypoglycemia episodes.↗
- Limitations
- Repeated episodes within people are not independent participants. Caregiver assessment, training and lack of a comparator limit causal and comparative conclusions.↗
This reading covers the article abstract and record metadata. Read its preserved Human Evidence Review →
Trial identity checked in the full text on 2026-09-20: The methods identify this registered study explicitly; the identifier is not taken from a background citation or ethics approval. Identity source ↗
How the study identity and sources were checked
Study context checked 2026-09-20. Existing article summaries keep their original review dates. This is a selected study reading, not a complete literature or full-text appraisal.
Registry
Clinical Usability of Intranasal Glucagon in Treatment of Hypoglycemia ↗
Protocol identifier: 16427. Sponsor: Eli Lilly and Company.
Retrieved 2026-09-20; SHA-256 e5f2fb1cf00087f207f946e876ba30bba250abafca304d809681543ffdda0a0c.
PMID 29504662
Exact trial identity is declared in the inspected full-text section. No matching reference is declared in this registry snapshot. These source labels do not establish that every result in a paper applies to this trial.
Identity metadata retrieved 2026-09-20. PubmedArticle[MedlineCitation/PMID=29504662] in the retained EFetch batch. SHA-256 1daf97e8d64d2f5e340838019b187447a2f71a074328ec52b3b722653e07bd1b.
Scientific summary uses the original 2026-09-15 source snapshot: SHA-256 cdfec7c7ffcb3fe58014d74d781cc1ec070e5afa82732ebc049204945b455e92.
Selected full text: PMC5947579
Retrieved 2026-09-20; SHA-256 9bc4b6f5f310ef2f8f286885a580facd851d4902b5af129812693ce23553894f. Section identifiers and hashes are included in the cited study data.